Supplied B1 Module 07A textbook: PDF pages 393–422.
Taxiing and engine-operation precautions
Only authorised trained personnel should taxi or run engines. Establish communication, clear the operating area and use the aircraft's checklist. Inlet suction, propeller movement and exhaust create large exclusion zones; do not infer their extent from engine sound. Provide the required fire cover and monitor indications throughout starting. For turbine engines, recognise abnormal starts and use the prescribed response. For piston engines, treat ignition and propeller movement as hazardous. A generic textbook start sequence cannot substitute for the aircraft procedure.
What controls the engine-start sequence for a particular aircraft? Its approved checklist and maintenance procedure.
Towing and coordination
Verify aircraft configuration, steering-disconnect requirements, tow equipment compatibility and route. Use the specified team, including a qualified brake operator and observers when required. Agree communication and stop signals before moving. Keep towing speed and steering angle within limits and avoid sudden loads. A towbar shear pin protects against certain overloads but does not remove the need for correct equipment and technique. Stop if communication is lost or clearance becomes uncertain. After towing, restore steering, pins and configuration using the checklist.
What should happen if towing communication is lost? Stop and re-establish safe coordination.
Jacking, chocking and securing
Use approved jacking points, jacks of sufficient capacity and specified adapters. Establish level ground, wind limits, aircraft mass and CG, and necessary supports. Raise in the specified sequence while monitoring stability. Never depend on an unsupported hydraulic jack where mechanical safety provisions are required. Chocks, parking brakes and tie-downs each have defined uses; parking brakes may be unsuitable in some conditions. Remove personnel and loose equipment from hazardous areas and control access. Lower the aircraft by the approved sequence.
Why are aircraft mass and CG relevant to jacking? They affect stability and loads at the supports.
Storage and preservation
Storage is an active maintenance state, not simply parking for a long time. Apply the specified short-term or long-term preservation tasks for engines, batteries, fuel, hydraulics and other systems. Protect openings from moisture and animals, identify covers and plugs, and maintain a record of installed preservation items. Periodic inspections, rotations or servicing may still be required. Before return to operation, use the depreservation programme and account for every cover, pin and disconnected item. Calendar or life requirements do not automatically stop during storage.
What is required before returning a stored aircraft to service? The specified depreservation and verification tasks.
Refuelling and defuelling
Confirm fuel grade, aircraft configuration and servicing procedure. Control ignition sources, bond equipment as specified and keep escape paths clear. Bonding equalises electrical potential between equipment; it is not identical to grounding. Check fuel quality and prevent water or particulate contamination. Monitor quantity, venting and leakage during transfer. Defuelling needs compatible equipment, controlled receiving capacity and the same attention to static and fire hazards. Stop and follow the emergency procedure if a spill or abnormal condition occurs.
What is the purpose of bonding during fuel transfer? Reduce potential differences that can produce sparks.
De-icing, anti-icing and weather
De-icing removes existing contamination; anti-icing helps prevent new accumulation for a limited period under specified conditions. Identify the permitted fluid type, concentration, temperature and application method. Holdover guidance depends on weather and fluid conditions and is not a guarantee. Avoid fluid in restricted openings and observe sensitive areas. Frost, ice or snow can alter aerodynamic performance even when the aircraft otherwise appears normal. Use the operational and maintenance checks that apply to the aircraft and conditions.
How does anti-icing differ from de-icing? Anti-icing limits new accumulation; de-icing removes existing deposits.
Electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic supplies
Check the ground unit's output, pressure, fluid and connection compatibility. An incorrect supply can damage aircraft systems or injure personnel. Connect and disconnect in the specified order and keep hoses and cables protected from traffic. Hydraulic systems can move actuators unexpectedly; pneumatic supplies can contain high-temperature or high-pressure air. Coordinate with workers before applying power or pressure. Check indications and leaks, then restore caps, covers and the aircraft configuration when servicing is complete.
What is essential before applying a ground hydraulic supply? Compatible fluid/pressure and a safe coordinated aircraft configuration.
Apply the knowledge
Work through these examples before starting the quiz. Explain why the other choices would not meet the requirement.
A tow observer gives the agreed stop signal. What is appropriate?
Stop the movement promptly — The agreed stop signal protects against hazards visible elsewhere in the team.
A long-stored aircraft has every cover removed. Is that enough for release?
No; complete depreservation, inspections and required records — Preservation affects multiple systems and requires controlled restoration.
What distinguishes bonding from grounding?
Bonding equalises potential between items; grounding connects to earth — The purposes and connection paths are different.
Ice is removed, then precipitation continues. Which additional issue matters?
Protection against renewed accumulation and required checks — De-icing does not provide unlimited protection against subsequent contamination.