Chapter 1 · Theory of Flight: Aerodynamics and Flight Controls
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Lift equation | L = ½ ρ V² S CL | 11.1 |
| Critical (stalling) angle of attack | clean wing typically ≈ 15–16°; with slats ≈ 20–25° | 11.1 |
| Axes → motion → control | longitudinal–roll–ailerons · lateral–pitch–elevator · normal–yaw–rudder | 11.1 |
| Stability names | roll axis = lateral stability · pitch axis = longitudinal stability · yaw = directional | 11.1 |
| Approx. CL max gain (training figures) | plain ≈ 50% · split ≈ 60% · slotted ≈ 65–70% · Fowler ≈ 90% | 11.1 |
| Flaps / slats on the stalling angle | flaps lower it · slats raise it | 11.1 |
| Extension sequence (most jets) | slats out before flaps, flaps in before slats | 11.1 |
| Rudder travel with limiter (example) | ≈ 30° each way at low speed → a few degrees at cruise | 11.1 |
| Speed brakes and stall speed | stall speed rises (CL max reduced) | 11.1 |
| Tab directions | trim, balance and servo tabs move opposite · anti-balance tab moves the same way | 11.1 |
Chapter 2 · Other Aerodynamic Devices and High-Speed Flight
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Tabs that move OPPOSITE to their surface | trim, balance, servo and spring tabs | 11.1(b) |
| Tab that moves the SAME way | anti-balance (anti-servo / leading) tab — increases feel | 11.1(b) |
| Mass balance requirement | control-surface CG on or ahead of the hinge line | 11.1(b) |
| After repair / repainting a control surface | re-balance and check static moment per the SRM | 11.1(b) |
| Stall wedge position | inboard leading edge → root stalls first | 11.1(b) |
| Speed of sound, ISA sea level | ≈ 340 m/s · 661 kt (≈ 573 kt at −56.5 °C) | 8.4 |
| Mach regimes (approx.) | subsonic < 0.75 · transonic 0.75–1.2 · supersonic 1.2–5 · hypersonic > 5 | 8.4 |
| Fan-face Mach number wanted | ≈ M 0.4–0.5 | 8.4 |
| Sweep effect | effective velocity V cos Λ (30° → 0.87 V) | 8.4 |
Chapter 3 · Airframe Structures — General Concepts
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Factor of safety (ultimate ÷ limit) | 1.5 | 11.2 · CS 25.303 |
| Ultimate load held without failure | at least 3 seconds | 11.2 · CS 25.305 |
| Manoeuvring limit load factors (large aeroplane) | +2.5 g (2.5–3.8 by formula) and −1.0 g | 11.2 · CS 25.337 |
| Hoop vs longitudinal stress (cylinder) | pr/t vs pr/2t — hoop is twice | 11.2 |
| Bonding connection resistance (FAA guide) | ≤ 0.003 Ω each | 11.2 |
| Static bond (isolated parts > ~3 in²) | < about 1 Ω | 11.2 |
| Static discharger mount to airframe | ≤ 0.1 Ω | 11.2 |
| Lightning strikes per airliner | roughly once a year | 11.2 |
| Carbon fibre / resin resistivity vs aluminium | ≈ 1 000× / ≈ 1 000 000× | 11.2 |
| ATA major zones | 100 lower fus · 200 upper fus · 300 tail · 400 engines · 500 L wing · 600 R wing · 700 gear · 800 doors | 11.2 |
Chapter 4 · Fuselage, Doors and Windows
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Type A exit / pax per pair | 42 × 72 in · 110 | 11.3.1 · CS 25.807 |
| Type B / Type C | 32 × 72 in · 75 / 30 × 48 in · 55 | 11.3.1 · CS 25.807 |
| Type I / Type II | 24 × 48 in · 45 / 20 × 44 in · 40 | 11.3.1 · CS 25.807 |
| Type III (over-wing) | 20 × 36 in · 35 per pair | 11.3.1 · CS 25.807 |
| Evacuation demonstration | 90 s with half the exits | 11.3.1 · CS 25.803 |
| Slide required above sill height | 1.83 m (6 ft), gear extended | 11.3.1 · CS 25.810 |
| Slide erection time | 6 s Type A/B · 10 s others | 11.3.1 · CS 25.810 |
| Emergency-landing inertia loads | 9 g fwd · 3 g up · 3 g side (4 g seats) · 6 g down · 1.5 g aft | 11.3.1 · CS 25.561 |
| Dynamic seat test | 16 g | 11.3.1 · CS 25.562 |
| Windscreen bird strike | 1.8 kg (4 lb) at VC | 11.3.1 · CS 25.775 |
| Seat-track pitch | 1 in (25.4 mm) | 11.3.1 |
Chapter 5 · Wings, Stabilisers, Control Surfaces and Nacelles
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Wing box | front + rear spar (caps = bending, web = shear), ribs, stiffened skins | 11.3.2 |
| Upper / lower wing skin in flight | compression / tension (fatigue-critical) | 11.3.2 |
| Main gear attachment | rear spar + gear beam (trunnions) | 11.3.2 |
| Empennage bird strike | 8 lb (3.6 kg) at VC | 11.3.3 · CS 25.631 |
| THS | rear-spar pivots · front-spar ball-screw jack | 11.3.3 |
| Static balance signs | TE drops = underbalance (+) · TE rises = overbalance (−) | 11.3.4 |
| Preferred balance condition | slightly nose-heavy; tail-heavy usually not allowed | 11.3.4 |
| Fireproof / fire-resistant | ≈ 1 100 °C (2 000 °F) for 15 min / 5 min | 11.3.5 |
| Firewall materials | stainless steel, titanium | 11.3.5 · CS 25.1191 |
Chapter 6 · Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurisation
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Max cabin altitude, normal / after probable failure | 8 000 ft / 15 000 ft | 11.4 · CS 25.841 |
| Cabin altitude warning | > 10 000 ft | 11.4 · CS 25.841 |
| Fresh air per occupant | ≥ 0.25 kg/min (0.55 lb/min) | 11.4 · CS 25.831 |
| CO / CO₂ limits | ≤ 1 part in 20 000 / ≤ 0.5 % | 11.4 · CS 25.831 |
| Typical maximum ΔP | 7.5–9 psi (B787 ≈ 9.4 psi, 6 000 ft cabin) | 11.4 |
| 8 000 ft cabin at 40 000 ft | 10.92 − 2.72 = 8.2 psid | 11.4 |
| Cabin rates | climb 300–500 ft/min · descent ≈ 300 ft/min | 11.4 |
| Pre-pressurisation at take-off | ≈ 0.1 psi | 11.4 |
| Safety valve opening | typically 8–10 psi ΔP | 11.4 |
| Regulated bleed air | ≈ 40–45 psi, ≈ 200 °C after precooler | 11.4 |
| Recirculated air / HEPA efficiency | ≈ 50 % / 99.97 % at 0.3 µm | 11.4 |
| Cabin humidity in cruise | ≈ 10–20 % | 11.4 |
| Passenger masks drop | ≈ 14 000 ft cabin altitude | 11.4 / 11.15 |
Chapter 7 · Instrument Systems
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| ASI / altimeter / VSI connections | pitot in capsule + static case / static case, evacuated capsules / static + calibrated leak | 11.5.1 |
| Static blocked | altimeter frozen · VSI 0 · ASI low in climb, high in descent | 11.5.1 |
| Pitot + drain blocked | ASI acts as an altimeter | 11.5.1 |
| Airspeed chain | IAS → CAS → EAS → TAS | 11.5.1 |
| Rate-one turn | 3°/s — 360° in 2 min | 11.5.1 |
| Earth-rate drift of a horizontal gyro | 15°/h × sin(latitude) | 11.5.1 |
| Unslaved DI reset | about every 15 min | 11.5.1 |
| Maximum compass deviation | 10° on any heading (CS 25.1327) | 11.5.1 |
| Flux valve | 400 Hz excitation → 800 Hz output | 11.5.1 |
| Stall-warning margin | ≥ 5 kt or 5 % above the stall (CS 25.207) | 11.5.1 |
| Turn coordinator gimbal | canted ≈ 30° — senses roll and yaw rate | 11.5.1 |
Chapter 8 · Avionics Systems: Autoflight, Communications and Navigation
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| VHF com | 118.000–136.975 MHz · AM · 8.33/25 kHz spacing | 11.5.2 |
| HF com | 2–30 MHz · SSB · ionospheric sky wave | 11.5.2 |
| VOR / ILS localiser | 108.00–117.95 MHz / 108.10–111.95 MHz (odd tenths) | 11.5.2 |
| Glideslope / markers | 329.15–335 MHz / 75 MHz (400 · 1300 · 3000 Hz) | 11.5.2 |
| DME | 962–1213 MHz — slant range | 11.5.2 |
| ADF | 190–1750 kHz — relative bearing | 11.5.2 |
| Transponder / TCAS | interrogate 1030 MHz · reply 1090 MHz | 11.5.2 |
| Squawk codes | 7500 hijack · 7600 radio failure · 7700 emergency | 11.5.2 |
| ELT | 406 MHz (COSPAS-SARSAT) + 121.5 MHz homing | 11.5.2 |
| CVR | ≥ 2 h (older) · 25 h (large aeroplanes from 2021) · ULB 37.5 kHz | 11.5.2 |
| Radio altimeter / weather radar | 4.2–4.4 GHz / ≈ 9.3 GHz (X-band) | 11.5.2 |
| FMS database | 28-day AIRAC cycle | 11.5.2 |
| GNSS | ≥ 4 satellites for 3-D fix · SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN | 11.5.2 |
| ILS categories | Cat I DH ≥ 200 ft · Cat II DH 100 ft · Cat III < 100 ft | 11.5.2 |
| IRS | align ≈ 10 min stationary · drift ≈ 1–2 NM/h | 11.5.2 |
Chapter 9 · Electrical Power
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Main AC / DC | 115/200 V 400 Hz three-phase / 28 V DC | 11.6 |
| Line vs phase voltage | 200 V = 115 V × √3 | 11.6 |
| Frequency | f = P × N / 120 (4 poles: 12 000 rpm → 400 Hz) | 11.6 |
| Variable-frequency AC | ≈ 360–800 Hz (B787: 235 V VF + ±270 V DC) | 11.6 |
| Lead-acid | 2.0 V/cell · 12 cells · SG 1.275–1.300 charged · neutralise with bicarbonate | 11.6 |
| Ni-Cd | 1.2 V/cell · 19–20 cells · KOH · level checked fully charged · boric acid | 11.6 |
| Li-ion cell | ≈ 3.6–3.7 V · contained and vented | 11.6 |
| IDG reconnection | on the ground only, engine stopped | 11.6 |
| Brushless generator stages | PMG → exciter + rotating rectifier → main generator | 11.6 |
| EP receptacle pins | A, B, C phases · N neutral · E, F 28 V DC interlock (short) | 11.6 |
| CB rule | protects the wire · trip-free | 11.6 |
Chapter 10 · Equipment and Furnishings
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Cabin hand extinguishers (CS 25.851) | 7–30 → 1 · 31–60 → 2 · 61–200 → 3 · 201–300 → 4 · … 601–700 → 8 | 11.7 |
| Crash axe | flight deck + rear galley if > 200 seats | 11.7 |
| Megaphones | 61–99 pax → 1 · 100+ → 2 | 11.7 |
| First-aid kits (CAR 2-X-III) | 1 per 100 pax or part, max 6 | 11.7 |
| Medical kit (India) | > 100 pax on sectors > 2 h | 11.7 |
| Universal precaution kit | 1 with cabin crew · 2 above 250 pax | 11.7 |
| PBE duration | ≈ 15 min | 11.7 |
| Passenger seats | ETSO-C127 · 16 g dynamic | 11.7 |
| Flammability: panels / textiles | 60-s vertical (≤ 6 in) / 12-s vertical (≤ 8 in) | 11.7 |
| Seat cushions | oil burner · ≤ 17 in burn · ≤ 10 % weight loss | 11.7 |
| Large panels | heat release 65/65 · smoke density ≤ 200 | 11.7 |
| Cargo classes | A small/accessible · B hand-extinguisher access · C built-in extinguishing · E freighter | 11.7 |
Chapter 11 · Fire Protection
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Fire classes (FAA usage) | A combustibles · B liquids · C electrical · D metals (EU: C = gases) | 11.8 |
| Fixed-system agent | Halon 1301 + nitrogen | 11.8 |
| Portable agent | Halon 1211 (or replacement); water for class A | 11.8 |
| High-rate discharge time | ≈ 1–2 s | 11.8 |
| Discharge discs | red = thermal (overheat) · yellow = normal | 11.8 |
| Second shot | if fire persists (typically after ~30 s) | 11.8 |
| Cargo smoke detection | within 1 minute (CS 25.858) | 11.8 |
| Cargo Halon | high-rate knock-down + metered discharge | 11.8 |
| Dual-loop logic | AND for fire · single-loop on fault | 11.8 |
| Fire handle | closes fuel, hydraulic, bleed · trips generator · arms squibs | 11.8 |
Chapter 12 · Flight Control Systems
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Turnbuckle | ≤ 3 threads exposed each side · locked | 11.9 |
| Stops | primary at surface · secondary at cockpit control | 11.9 |
| Cable tension vs temperature | falls in cold (Al structure contracts more) — regulators compensate | 11.9 |
| Q-feel input | dynamic pressure (pitot − static) | 11.9 |
| Flap asymmetry | APPUs at shaft ends → wing-tip brakes | 11.9 |
| Yaw damper | Dutch roll · washout filter · series actuator | 11.9 |
| Mach trim | nose-up as Mach rises (counters tuck) | 11.9 |
| Stall warning / protection | stick shaker / stick pusher, alpha floor | 11.9 |
| FBW laws | normal → alternate → direct (→ mechanical back-up) | 11.9 |
| A320 / B777 FBW computers | ELAC, SEC, FAC / 3 PFCs + 4 ACEs | 11.9 |
| Rigging order | rig pins → tension → neutral → stops → travel & sense → independent inspection | 11.9 |
Chapter 13 · Fuel Systems
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Boost pumps | AC centrifugal · 2 per tank · canister + check valve | 11.10 |
| Centre tank first | override pumps at higher pressure | 11.10 |
| Pressure refuelling | single point · up to ≈ 50 psi · auto shut-off | 11.10 |
| Refuelling first step | bond refueller to aircraft | 11.10 |
| Jet A-1 / Jet A freezing point | −47 °C / −40 °C | 11.10 |
| Fuel density | ≈ 0.78–0.84 kg/L | 11.10 |
| Capacitance gauging | fuel ε ≈ 2 × air → mass via densitometer | 11.10 |
| Jettison | enough fuel in 15 min (CS 25.1001) · auto stop at preset quantity | 11.10 |
| Inerting | ASM → NEA · O₂ < ≈ 12 % · CS 25.981 | 11.10 |
| Trim tank | fuel aft in cruise → less trim drag | 11.10 |
Chapter 14 · Hydraulic Power
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| System pressure | 3 000 psi (207 bar) · 5 000 psi (345 bar) on A380/B787 | 11.11 |
| MIL-H-5606 | mineral · red · flammable · nitrile seals | 11.11 |
| Phosphate ester (Skydrol) | purple · fire-resistant · butyl/EPR seals | 11.11 |
| Reservoir pressurisation | bleed air (≈ 50 psi) or bootstrap | 11.11 |
| Accumulator pre-charge | ≈ ⅓–½ system pressure · N₂ only · checked depressurised | 11.11 |
| Variable-displacement pump | constant pressure, variable volume (swash plate) | 11.11 |
| PTU | transfers power, not fluid | 11.11 |
| Reservoir level | read in AMM configuration (gear down, flaps up, depressurised…) | 11.11 |
Chapter 15 · Ice and Rain Protection
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Icing temperature range | worst 0 to −20 °C · possible to −40 °C | 11.12 |
| Rime / clear ice | rime ≈ −10 to −40 °C, rough · clear ≈ 0 to −10 °C, horns | 11.12 |
| Intensities | trace · light · moderate · severe | 11.12 |
| Ground fluids | Type I orange heated (short) · Type II thickened · Type IV green (longest) | 11.12 |
| Vibrating-probe detector | ≈ 40 kHz; ice lowers frequency | 11.12 |
| Anti-icing vs de-icing | prevent (continuous) vs remove (cyclic) | 11.12 |
| Wing / inlet anti-ice | bleed air via piccolo tube / own-engine compressor air | 11.12 |
| Prop de-ice power path | slip rings + brushes | 11.12 |
| Wipers / repellent | never on a dry windscreen | 11.12 |
Chapter 16 · Landing Gear
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Shock strut | orifice = damping · N₂ = spring · metering pin · recoil valve | 11.13 |
| Strut servicing | fluid with strut deflated · N₂ to extension chart | 11.13 |
| Tyre marking 46 × 17.0 R 20 | OD × section width · radial · rim diameter (in) | 11.13 |
| Tyre gas / check | nitrogen · cold (≈ 2–3 h after flight) | 11.13 |
| Loaded vs unloaded pressure | up to ≈ 4 % difference | 11.13 |
| Thermal plug | deflates tyre before heat burst | 11.13 |
| Gear lights | 3 green = down & locked · red/amber = transit · none = up | 11.13 |
| Brake wear | wear pins, parking brake set | 11.13 |
| Carbon brakes | ≈ 40 % lighter · wear per application | 11.13 |
| Antiskid functions | skid control · locked wheel · touchdown protection | 11.13 |
| Steering | tiller large angles · pedals few degrees · towing pin | 11.13 |
Chapter 17 · Lights and Oxygen
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Navigation lights | red left · green right (110° each) · white tail 140° | 11.14 · CS 25.1385–1391 |
| Anti-collision | red beacons + white strobes · 40–100 flashes/min | 11.14 · CS 25.1401 |
| Emergency lighting | own batteries · ≥ 10 min after landing · ARMED for flight | 11.14 · CS 25.812 |
| Crew oxygen use | cabin altitude > 10 000 ft | 11.15 |
| Quick-donning masks | on within 5 s (aircraft above FL250) | 11.15 · CS 25.1447 |
| Passenger masks | auto before 15 000 ft (≈ 14 000 ft) | 11.15 · CS 25.1447 |
| TUC | 18 000 ft 20–30 min · 25 000 ft 3–5 min · 35 000 ft 30–60 s · 40 000 ft 15–20 s | 11.15 |
| Gaseous oxygen | ≥ 99.5 % pure, dry · cylinder ≈ 1 850 psi | 11.15 |
| Chemical generator | sodium chlorate · ≈ 12–22 min · cannot be stopped | 11.15 |
| Discharge disc | green = oxygen cylinder overboard discharge | 11.15 |
Chapter 18 · Pneumatic, Vacuum, Water and Waste Systems
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Bleed sources | IP stage (check valve) · HP stage (HP valve, low power) · APU · ground cart | 11.16 |
| PRSOV / precooler | ≈ 40–45 psi · ≈ 200 °C via fan-air valve | 11.16 |
| Leak detection | overheat loops along ducts → automatic isolation | 11.16 |
| Light-aircraft suction | ≈ 4.5–5.5 inHg (regulator + gauge) | 11.16 |
| High-pressure pneumatics | piston compressors · bottles ≈ 3 000 psi (F27/F50) | 11.16 |
| Potable water tank | air-pressurised ≈ 25–35 psi · drain before freezing | 11.17 |
| Vacuum toilet | cabin ΔP in flight · vacuum generator < ≈ 16 000 ft | 11.17 |
| Corrosion hot spots | seat tracks/beams under lavatories and galleys | 11.17 |
Chapter 19 · Maintenance, IMA, Cabin and Information Systems
| Item | Fact / typical value | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| BITE types | power-up · continuous · initiated | 11.18 |
| Data loading standards | ARINC 615 (portable) · 615A (network) · 665 (software parts) | 11.18 |
| After software load | verify + record software part number | 11.18 |
| Structure monitoring | hard-landing / load reports · usage · SHM (CVM, strain, AE) | 11.18 |
| IMA OS / network | ARINC 653 partitioning · ARINC 664 p7 AFDX | 11.19 |
| CIDS | directors + DEUs · FAP | 11.20 |
| Network domains | aircraft control · airline info · passenger IFE · passenger devices | 11.21 |